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Pentominoes Class Reference
[Example scripts (models)]

Example: Pentominoes More...

List of all members.

Public Types

enum  { PROPAGATION_INT, PROPAGATION_BOOLEAN }
 

Choice of propagators.

More...
enum  { SYMMETRY_NONE, SYMMETRY_FULL }
 

Choice of symmetry breaking.

More...

Public Member Functions

 Pentominoes (const SizeOptions &opt)
 Construction of the model.
 Pentominoes (bool share, Pentominoes &s)
 Constructor for cloning s.
virtual Spacecopy (bool share)
 Copy space during cloning.
virtual void print (std::ostream &os) const
 Print solution.

Related Functions

(Note that these are not member functions.)



const unsigned int n_examples
 Number of board specifications.

Symmetry functions

These functions implement the 8 symmetries of 2D planes. The functions are templatized so that they can be used both for the pieces (defined using C-strings) and for arrays of variables.



typedef void(* tsymmfunc )(const char *, int, int, char *, int &, int &)
 Type for tile symmetry functions.
typedef void(* bsymmfunc )(const IntVarArgs, int, int, IntVarArgs &, int &, int &)
 Type for board symmetry functions.
int pos (int h, int w, int h1, int w1)
template<class CArray , class Array >
void id (CArray t1, int w1, int h1, Array t2, int &w2, int &h2)
 Identity symmetry.
template<class CArray , class Array >
void rot90 (CArray t1, int w1, int h1, Array t2, int &w2, int &h2)
 Rotate 90 degrees.
template<class CArray , class Array >
void rot180 (CArray t1, int w1, int h1, Array t2, int &w2, int &h2)
 Rotate 180 degrees.
template<class CArray , class Array >
void rot270 (CArray t1, int w1, int h1, Array t2, int &w2, int &h2)
 Rotate 270 degrees.
template<class CArray , class Array >
void flipx (CArray t1, int w1, int h1, Array t2, int &w2, int &h2)
 Flip x-wise.
template<class CArray , class Array >
void flipy (CArray t1, int w1, int h1, Array t2, int &w2, int &h2)
 Flip y-wise.
template<class CArray , class Array >
void flipd1 (CArray t1, int w1, int h1, Array t2, int &w2, int &h2)
 Flip diagonal 1.
template<class CArray , class Array >
void flipd2 (CArray t1, int w1, int h1, Array t2, int &w2, int &h2)
 Flip diagonal 2.

Puzzle specifications



const TileSpecexamples []
 Board specifications.
const int examples_size []
 Board specification sizes.
static const TileSpec puzzle0 []
 Small specification.
static const TileSpec puzzle1 []
 Standard specification.
static const TileSpec square2 []
 Board specifications.
static const TileSpec square3 []
 Board specifications.
static const TileSpec pentomino6x10 []
 Board specifications.
static const TileSpec pentomino5x12 []
 Board specifications.
static const TileSpec pentomino4x15 []
 Board specifications.
static const TileSpec pentomino3x20 []
 Board specifications.
const unsigned n_examples = sizeof(examples)/sizeof(TileSpec*)
 Number of specifications.
const TileSpecexamples []
 List of specifications.
const int examples_size []
 Board specifications.

Detailed Description

Example: Pentominoes

The Problem

This example places pieces of a puzzle, where each piece is composed of a collection of squares, onto a grid. The pieces may all be rotated and flipped freely. The goal is to place all the pieces on the grid, without any overlaps. An example piece to be placed looks like

   XXX
   X
 XXX

in one of its rotations.

The most famous instance of such a puzzle is the Pentominoes puzzle, where the pieces are all pieces formed by 5 four-connected squares.

The Variables

The variables for the model is the grid of squares that the pieces are placed on, where each of the variables for the squares takes the value of the number of the piece which is placed overonto it.

Placing one piece

The constraint for each piece placement uses regular expressions (and consequently the extensional constraint) for expressing placement of (rotated) pieces on the grid. Consider the simple example of placing the piece

 XX
  X
  X

onto the 4 by 4 board

 0123
 4567
 89AB
 CDEF

Let the variables 0-F be 0/1-variables indicating if the piece is placed on that position or not. First consider placing the piece on some location, say covering 1,2,6, and A. Then, writing the sequence of values for the variables 0-F out, we get the string 0110001000100000. This string and all other strings corresponding to placing the above piece in that particular rotation can be described using the regular expression $0^*11000100010^*$. The expression indicates that first comes some number of zeroes, then two ones in a row (covering places 1 and 2 in our example placement), then comes exactly three 0's (not covering places 3, 4, and 5), and so on. The variable number of 0's at the beginning and at the end makes the expression match any placement of the piece on the board.

There is one problem with the above constraint, since it allows placing the piece covering places 3, 4, 8, and C. That is, the piece may wrap around the board. To prohibit this, we add a new dummy-column to the board, so that it looks like

 0123G
 4567H
 89ABI
 CDEFJ

The variables for places G to J are all set to zero initially, and the regular expression for the placement of the piece is modified to include the extra column, $0^*1100001000010^*$.

Rotating pieces

To handle rotations of the piece, we can use disjunctions of regular expressions for all the relevant rotations. Consider the rotated version of the above piece, depicted below.

   X
 XXX

The corresponding regular expression for this piece is $0^*1001110^*$. To combine these two regular expressions, we can simply use disjunction of regular expressions, arriving at the expression $0^*1100001000010^*|0^*1001110^*$ for enforcing the placement of the piece in one of the above two rotations.

There are 8 symmetries for the pieces in general. The 8 disjuncts for a particular piece might, however, contain less than 8 distinct expressions (for example, any square has only one distinct disjunct). This is removed when then automaton for the expression is computed, since it is minimized.

Placing several pieces

To generalize the above model to several pieces, we let the variables range from 0 to n, where n is the number of pieces to place. Given that we place three pieces, and that the above shown piece is number one, we will replace each $0$-expression with the expression $(0|2|3)$. Thus, the second regular expression becomes $(0|2|3)^*1(0|2|3)(0|2|3)111(0|2|3)^*$. Additionaly, the end of line marker gets its own value.

This generalization suffers from the fact that the automata become much more complex. This problem can be solved by instead projecting out each component, which gives a new board of 0/1-variables for each piece to place.

The Branching

This model does not use any advanced heuristic for the branching. The variables selection is simply in order, and the value selection is minimum value first.

The static value selection allows us to order the pieces in the specification of the problem. The pieces are approximately ordered by largness or hardness to place.

Removing board symmetries

Especially when searching for all solutions of a puzzle instance, we might want to remove the symmetrical boards from the solutions-space. This is done using the same symmetry functions as for the piece symmetries and lexicographical order constraints.

Definition at line 265 of file pentominoes.cpp.


Member Enumeration Documentation

anonymous enum

Choice of propagators.

Enumerator:
PROPAGATION_INT 

Use integer propagators.

PROPAGATION_BOOLEAN 

Use Boolean propagators.

Definition at line 268 of file pentominoes.cpp.

anonymous enum

Choice of symmetry breaking.

Enumerator:
SYMMETRY_NONE 

Do not remove symmetric solutions.

SYMMETRY_FULL 

Remove symmetric solutions.

Definition at line 273 of file pentominoes.cpp.


Constructor & Destructor Documentation

Pentominoes::Pentominoes ( const SizeOptions opt  )  [inline]

Construction of the model.

Definition at line 342 of file pentominoes.cpp.

Pentominoes::Pentominoes ( bool  share,
Pentominoes s 
) [inline]

Constructor for cloning s.

Definition at line 444 of file pentominoes.cpp.


Member Function Documentation

virtual Space* Pentominoes::copy ( bool  share  )  [inline, virtual]

Copy space during cloning.

Definition at line 452 of file pentominoes.cpp.

virtual void Pentominoes::print ( std::ostream &  os  )  const [inline, virtual]

Print solution.

Reimplemented from Gecode::Driver::ScriptBase< BaseSpace >.

Definition at line 458 of file pentominoes.cpp.


Friends And Related Function Documentation

typedef void(* tsymmfunc)(const char *, int, int, char *, int &, int &) [related]

Type for tile symmetry functions.

Definition at line 99 of file pentominoes.cpp.

typedef void(* bsymmfunc)(const IntVarArgs, int, int, IntVarArgs &, int &, int &) [related]

Type for board symmetry functions.

Definition at line 101 of file pentominoes.cpp.

const TileSpec* examples[] [related]
Initial value:

Board specifications.

List of specifications.

Each board specification repurposes the first two TileSpecs to record width and height of the board (TileSpec 0) as well as the number of tiles and whether the board is filled (TileSpec 1).

Definition at line 72 of file pentominoes.cpp.

const int examples_size[] [related]
Initial value:
 {sizeof(puzzle0)/sizeof(TileSpec),
                             sizeof(puzzle1)/sizeof(TileSpec),
                             sizeof(square2)/sizeof(TileSpec),
                             sizeof(square3)/sizeof(TileSpec),
                             sizeof(pentomino6x10)/sizeof(TileSpec),
                             sizeof(pentomino5x12)/sizeof(TileSpec),
                             sizeof(pentomino4x15)/sizeof(TileSpec),
                             sizeof(pentomino3x20)/sizeof(TileSpec)}

Board specification sizes.

Definition at line 77 of file pentominoes.cpp.

const unsigned int n_examples [related]

Number of board specifications.

Definition at line 82 of file pentominoes.cpp.

const TileSpec puzzle0[] [related]
Initial value:
  {
    
    {4, 4, true, ""},
    {2, 3, 1,
     "XX"
     "X "
     "X "},
    {2, 1, 1,
     "XX"},
    {3, 3, 1,
     " XX"
     "  X"
     "XXX"},
    {1, 1, 1,
     "X"},
    {3, 1, 1,
     "XXX"}
  }

Small specification.

Definition at line 509 of file pentominoes.cpp.

const TileSpec puzzle1[] [related]

Standard specification.

Definition at line 529 of file pentominoes.cpp.

const TileSpec square2[] [related]
Initial value:
  {
    
    {10, 10, true, ""},
    {6, 6, 1,
     "XXXXXX"
     "XXXXXX"
     "XXXXXX"
     "XXXXXX"
     "XXXXXX"
     "XXXXXX"
    },
    {4, 4, 3,
     "XXXX"
     "XXXX"
     "XXXX"
     "XXXX"},
    {2, 2, 4,
     "XX"
     "XX"}
  }

Board specifications.

List of specifications.

Each board specification repurposes the first two TileSpecs to record width and height of the board (TileSpec 0) as well as the number of tiles and whether the board is filled (TileSpec 1).

Definition at line 579 of file pentominoes.cpp.

const TileSpec square3[] [related]

Board specifications.

List of specifications.

Each board specification repurposes the first two TileSpecs to record width and height of the board (TileSpec 0) as well as the number of tiles and whether the board is filled (TileSpec 1).

Definition at line 602 of file pentominoes.cpp.

const TileSpec pentomino6x10[] [related]

Board specifications.

List of specifications.

Each board specification repurposes the first two TileSpecs to record width and height of the board (TileSpec 0) as well as the number of tiles and whether the board is filled (TileSpec 1).

Definition at line 659 of file pentominoes.cpp.

const TileSpec pentomino5x12[] [related]

Board specifications.

List of specifications.

Each board specification repurposes the first two TileSpecs to record width and height of the board (TileSpec 0) as well as the number of tiles and whether the board is filled (TileSpec 1).

Definition at line 711 of file pentominoes.cpp.

const TileSpec pentomino4x15[] [related]

Board specifications.

List of specifications.

Each board specification repurposes the first two TileSpecs to record width and height of the board (TileSpec 0) as well as the number of tiles and whether the board is filled (TileSpec 1).

Definition at line 763 of file pentominoes.cpp.

const TileSpec pentomino3x20[] [related]

Board specifications.

List of specifications.

Each board specification repurposes the first two TileSpecs to record width and height of the board (TileSpec 0) as well as the number of tiles and whether the board is filled (TileSpec 1).

Definition at line 815 of file pentominoes.cpp.

const unsigned n_examples = sizeof(examples)/sizeof(TileSpec*) [related]

Number of specifications.

Definition at line 881 of file pentominoes.cpp.

int pos ( int  h,
int  w,
int  h1,
int  w1 
) [related]

Return index of (h, w) in the row-major layout of a matrix with width w1 and height h1.

template<class CArray , class Array >
void id ( CArray  t1,
int  w1,
int  h1,
Array  t2,
int &  w2,
int &  h2 
) [related]

Identity symmetry.

template<class CArray , class Array >
void rot90 ( CArray  t1,
int  w1,
int  h1,
Array  t2,
int &  w2,
int &  h2 
) [related]

Rotate 90 degrees.

template<class CArray , class Array >
void rot180 ( CArray  t1,
int  w1,
int  h1,
Array  t2,
int &  w2,
int &  h2 
) [related]

Rotate 180 degrees.

template<class CArray , class Array >
void rot270 ( CArray  t1,
int  w1,
int  h1,
Array  t2,
int &  w2,
int &  h2 
) [related]

Rotate 270 degrees.

template<class CArray , class Array >
void flipx ( CArray  t1,
int  w1,
int  h1,
Array  t2,
int &  w2,
int &  h2 
) [related]

Flip x-wise.

template<class CArray , class Array >
void flipy ( CArray  t1,
int  w1,
int  h1,
Array  t2,
int &  w2,
int &  h2 
) [related]

Flip y-wise.

template<class CArray , class Array >
void flipd1 ( CArray  t1,
int  w1,
int  h1,
Array  t2,
int &  w2,
int &  h2 
) [related]

Flip diagonal 1.

template<class CArray , class Array >
void flipd2 ( CArray  t1,
int  w1,
int  h1,
Array  t2,
int &  w2,
int &  h2 
) [related]

Flip diagonal 2.

const TileSpec * examples (  )  [related]

List of specifications.

Definition at line 868 of file pentominoes.cpp.

const int examples_size (  )  [related]

Board specifications.

List of specifications.

Each board specification repurposes the first two TileSpecs to record width and height of the board (TileSpec 0) as well as the number of tiles and whether the board is filled (TileSpec 1).

Definition at line 871 of file pentominoes.cpp.


The documentation for this class was generated from the following file: